方法对比

	Issue Framing Experiment	Candidate Evaluation Model
领域	政治心理学	政治心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
起源年份	1997	1995
提出者	Thomas Nelson; Dennis Chong & James Druckman	Milton Lodge, Marco Steenbergen & Donald Kinder
类型	Survey/lab experiment	Latent evaluation model
开创性文献	Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583.	Lodge, M., Steenbergen, M. R., & Brau, S. (1995). The responsive voter: Campaign information and the dynamics of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 89(2), 309-326.
别名	Framing Effects Experiment, Emphasis Framing Study, Equivalence Framing Experiment	Impression-Driven Evaluation Model, Online Processing Model, Candidate Trait Evaluation Model
相关	4	4
摘要	An issue framing experiment manipulates how a political issue is described, emphasizing different considerations, to test how framing shifts opinion. Nelson, Clawson and Oxley's (1997) classic study showed that framing a Klan rally as a free-speech issue versus a public-order issue changed tolerance judgments, and Chong and Druckman (2007) systematized framing theory and the experimental methods used to estimate framing effects.	A candidate evaluation model represents how voters form overall assessments of political candidates as a latent function of perceived traits (competence, leadership, integrity, empathy), partisanship, issue proximity, and affect. It spans the trait-based factor models of Kinder et al. (1980) and the online-processing tally model of Lodge, Steenbergen and Brau (1995), which describes evaluation as a running summary updated as information arrives.