方法对比

	Isolation Index	Atkinson Index	Gini Coefficient	Lorenz Curve
领域	Sociology	Sociology	Sociology	Sociology
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1954	1970	1912	1905
提出者	Wendell Bell (formalization of P* indices)	Anthony Barnes Atkinson	Corrado Gini	Max Otto Lorenz
类型	Exposure-dimension segregation index	Welfare-based, parameterized inequality index	Scalar measure of statistical dispersion / inequality	Graphical representation of distributional inequality
开创性文献	Bell, W. (1954). A probability model for the measurement of ecological segregation. Social Forces, 32(4), 357–364.	Atkinson, A. B. (1970). On the measurement of inequality. Journal of Economic Theory, 2(3), 244–263.	Ceriani, L., & Verme, P. (2012). The origins of the Gini index: extracts from Variabilità e Mutabilità (1912) by Corrado Gini. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 10(3), 421–443.	Lorenz, M. O. (1905). Methods of measuring the concentration of wealth. Publications of the American Statistical Association, 9(70), 209–219.
别名	P* isolation index, interaction index, exposure index, Bell isolation index	Atkinson inequality measure, Atkinson's A, welfare-based inequality index	Gini index, Gini ratio, Gini concentration ratio, G	Lorenz concentration curve, Lorenz diagram, cumulative share curve
相关	5	5	5	5
摘要	The isolation index measures the exposure dimension of segregation: the extent to which members of a minority group are exposed only to one another rather than to members of other groups. It answers the question 'what is the own-group share of the typical neighbor (or classmate, or coworker) that a member of the focal group encounters?' Unlike evenness measures, it depends on the relative size of the group as well as its spatial distribution.	The Atkinson index is a welfare-based measure of inequality that incorporates an explicit, analyst-chosen parameter for how much society dislikes inequality. Introduced by Anthony Atkinson in 1970, it asks what fraction of total income could be discarded, under an equal distribution, while leaving social welfare unchanged — making the ethical judgement behind any inequality comparison transparent rather than hidden.	The Gini coefficient is the most widely used single-number summary of inequality in a distribution such as income or wealth. Introduced by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912, it equals twice the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality, ranging from 0 when everyone has the same amount to a maximum approaching 1 when one unit holds everything.	The Lorenz curve is a graphical device that displays the full shape of inequality in a distribution by plotting the cumulative share of a quantity (such as income) held by the cumulative share of the population, ranked from poorest to richest. Introduced by Max Lorenz in 1905, it underlies the Gini coefficient and provides the basis for ranking distributions by inequality when one curve lies entirely above another.