方法对比

	内在案例研究	行动研究	案例研究	民族志
领域	质性	质性研究	质性	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1995	1946	1984 (seminal codification)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
提出者	Robert E. Stake	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Robert K. Yin (systematised in Case Study Research, 1984)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
类型	Qualitative research method	Method	Qualitative research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
开创性文献	Stake, R. E. (1995). The Art of Case Study Research. Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0803957671	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
别名	intrinsic case research, bounded case study, particularistic case inquiry, single intrinsic case	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	Vaka Çalışması (Case Study), case study design, case study methodology	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
相关	6	1	5	5
摘要	Intrinsic case study is a qualitative research method developed by Robert E. Stake in which a single, bounded case is studied in depth for its own inherent interest — not to illustrate a theory or to generalize, but because the case itself is unusual, revealing, or otherwise worthy of close attention. The researcher seeks a thick, holistic understanding of the particular: its context, its actors, its processes, and what makes it distinctively what it is.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observation, documents, and artefacts — to build a rich, contextualised account of a bounded unit.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.