方法对比

	Intergroup Threat Scale	Ethnocentrism Scale
领域	政治心理学	政治心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1999	2001
提出者	Walter G. Stephan & Cookie White Stephan	James W. Neuliep & James C. McCroskey
类型	Self-report attitude scale	Self-report attitude scale
开创性文献	Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2221-2237.	Neuliep, J. W. (2002). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 31(4), 201-215.
别名	Integrated Threat Scale, Realistic and Symbolic Threat Scale, Perceived Threat Scale	GENE Scale, Ethnocentrism Scale, Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale
相关	4	4
摘要	The Intergroup Threat Scale operationalizes intergroup (originally integrated) threat theory (Stephan & Stephan), which holds that prejudice toward an out-group arises from perceived realistic threats (to the in-group's resources, power, or welfare) and symbolic threats (to its values, beliefs, and worldview). It is a self-report measure widely used to explain attitudes toward immigrants and other out-groups in political psychology.	The Generalized Ethnocentrism (GENE) Scale, developed by Neuliep and McCroskey, is a self-report instrument measuring ethnocentrism: the tendency to view one's own group as the center of the social universe and to judge other groups by its standards, with corresponding ingroup preference and outgroup derogation. In political science, the ethnocentrism construct was given prominence by Kinder and Kam's (2009) Us Against Them, which uses survey-based ethnocentrism measures to explain American policy opinion.