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| Human Development Index× | Multidimensional Poverty Index× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域≠ | Development Studies | 经济学 |
| 方法族 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 起源年份≠ | 1990 | 2011 |
| 提出者≠ | Mahbub ul Haq & Amartya Sen; UNDP Human Development Report Office | Sabina Alkire & James Foster |
| 类型≠ | Composite human development index | Counting-based multidimensional poverty measure |
| 开创性文献≠ | UNDP (2022). Human Development Report 2021-22, Technical Notes. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office, New York. link ↗ | Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 476–487. DOI ↗ |
| 别名 | HDI, UNDP Human Development Index, Human Development Indicator, Composite Human Development Measure | MPI, Alkire-Foster Method, Adjusted Headcount Ratio, Dual-Cutoff Multidimensional Poverty |
| 相关≠ | 4 | 3 |
| 摘要≠ | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite summary measure of average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Conceived by Mahbub ul Haq with Amartya Sen and first published in the UNDP Human Development Report of 1990, it was designed as a deliberate alternative to GNI per capita, asserting that people and their capabilities — not economic growth alone — are the ultimate criterion for assessing the development of a country. Each dimension is reduced to a normalized index between zero and one, and the three are combined by a geometric mean. | The Multidimensional Poverty Index applies the Alkire-Foster method, introduced by Sabina Alkire and James Foster in 2011, to measure poverty as the joint deprivation of individuals across several dimensions such as health, education, and living standards. Its signature is a dual-cutoff identification: a person is deprived in an indicator if they fall below that indicator's cutoff, and they are counted as multidimensionally poor only if their weighted count of deprivations crosses a cross-dimensional cutoff k. The headline measure is the adjusted headcount ratio M0 = H times A, the product of the share of people who are poor (incidence) and the average breadth of their deprivations (intensity). |
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