方法对比

	HRAF 跨文化分析	个体最小数量
领域	考古学	考古学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1967	1953
提出者	George Murdock	Theodore White
类型	Ethnographic comparison	Faunal quantification method
开创性文献	Murdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic Atlas. University of Pittsburgh Press.	White, T. E. (1953). A method of calculating the dietary percentages of various food animals utilized by aboriginal peoples. American Antiquity, 19(4), 396-398.
别名	cross-cultural comparison, comparative ethnography	MNI method, minimum individual number
相关	2	4
摘要	HRAF (Human Relations Area Files) cross-cultural analysis compares ethnographic data from diverse societies to identify patterns and test hypotheses about human social organization and cultural practices. Developed by George Murdock and colleagues, the method uses a standardized database of ethnographic information coded for comparative analysis. HRAF provides a framework for systematic cross-cultural comparison, helping archaeologists interpret prehistoric patterns through ethnographic analogy.	Minimum number of individuals (MNI) is a quantitative zooarchaeological method that estimates the minimum number of animals represented in a faunal assemblage based on the frequency of unique skeletal elements. Developed by Theodore White in 1953, it is one of the most widely used techniques for analyzing animal bone assemblages from archaeological sites. The MNI method helps archaeologists understand hunting and butchering patterns, interpret subsistence practices, and assess the diversity of fauna exploited by past human populations.