方法对比

	Anthropological Household Survey	Spot Observation Sampling
领域	Anthropology	Anthropology
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2017	1984
提出者	Survey-research tradition adapted to community fieldwork (Bernard)	Time-allocation tradition in cultural anthropology (synthesized by Gross)
类型	Structured survey design taking the household as the unit of analysis	Instantaneous sampling procedure for estimating time allocation
开创性文献	Bernard, H. R. (2017). Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (6th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN: 9780759112421	Gross, D. R. (1984). Time allocation: a tool for the study of cultural behavior. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 519–558.
别名	Household Census, Community Household Survey, Household Economic Survey, Household Roster Survey	Spot Check Sampling, Instantaneous Spot Observation, Random Spot Checks, Spot Sampling
相关	4	4
摘要	An anthropological household survey is a structured or semi-structured, census-style instrument administered to the households of a community to record their composition, economy, and assets in a standardized form. Taking the household rather than the individual as the unit of analysis, it captures who lives together, how they are related, what they own and produce, and how they make a living. Whether applied as a full census of every household or to a representative sample, it turns the texture of community life into comparable, aggregable data that complement participant observation.	Spot observation sampling is a time-allocation technique in which an observer arrives at randomly chosen moments and records, instantaneously, exactly what each visible person is doing at that instant — not what they were doing before or after. Because the moments are sampled at random across the daily and seasonal round, the proportion of spot observations that fall in a given activity is an unbiased estimate of the proportion of time people spend in that activity. It turns a scatter of brief snapshots into a quantitative budget of how a community allocates its waking hours.