方法对比

	HISCO Occupational Coding	HISCLASS Social Class Coding
领域	Social History	Social History
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2002	2011
提出者	Marco H. D. van Leeuwen, Ineke Maas, and Andrew Miles	Marco H. D. van Leeuwen and Ineke Maas
类型	measurement-classification	measurement-classification
开创性文献	van Leeuwen, M. H. D., Maas, I., & Miles, A. (2002). HISCO: Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations. Leuven University Press. ISBN: 9789058671967	van Leeuwen, M. H. D., & Maas, I. (2011). HISCLASS: A Historical International Social Class Scheme. Leuven University Press. ISBN: 9789058678577
别名	HISCO coding, Historical occupational classification, Standardized occupational titling, Occupational title harmonization	HISCLASS coding, Historical social class scheme, Occupation-to-class translation, Skill-based class coding
相关	3	3
摘要	HISCO, the Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations, is a coding scheme that translates the messy free-text occupational descriptions found in historical records into a single standardized, hierarchical classification. Built by van Leeuwen, Maas, and Miles on the framework of the modern ILO ISCO-68, it lets a 'cordwainer' in eighteenth-century England, a 'cordonnier' in France, and a 'Schuhmacher' in Germany all resolve to the same shoemaker code. Occupational titles are the single richest indicator of social and economic position in pre-modern records, appearing in censuses, marriage registers, tax lists, and directories. But their idiosyncratic spelling, multilingual diversity, and archaic vocabulary make raw comparison impossible. HISCO provides the controlled vocabulary and coding rules that turn these strings into analysable data, forming the indispensable first layer beneath class schemes, mobility studies, and occupational structure reconstruction.	HISCLASS, the Historical International Social Class Scheme, converts HISCO-coded occupations into a hierarchy of social classes designed for cross-national, long-run historical analysis. Where HISCO answers 'what occupation?', HISCLASS answers 'what social standing?'. Developed by van Leeuwen and Maas, it sorts occupations along four theoretically grounded dimensions: the skill level of the work, whether it is manual or non-manual, whether it involves supervision of others, and whether it lies in the agricultural sector. Combining these yields a twelve-class scheme that can be collapsed into seven or five classes for coarser analysis. Because it is derived deterministically from HISCO codes and status modifiers, HISCLASS gives historians a replicable, internationally comparable measure of class that travels across the same span of languages and centuries as HISCO itself. It has become the standard input for historical studies of inequality, marriage patterns, and intergenerational social mobility.