方法对比

	Guttman量表	地板和天花板效应
领域	心理测量学	心理测量学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1944	2000
提出者	Louis Guttman	Classical psychometrics
类型	Cumulative unidimensional scaling methodology	Measurement validity assessment
开创性文献	Guttman, L. (1944). A basis for scaling qualitative data. American Sociological Review, 9(2), 139-150.	McHorney, C. A. (2000). Ten recommendations for measuring health status. Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes, 2(1), 1-5.
别名	Cumulative scale, Scalogram analysis, Guttman scaling, Unidimensional cumulative scale	Floor effect, Ceiling effect, Psychometric floor effect, Measurement floor
相关	4	4
摘要	Guttman scaling is a methodology for constructing unidimensional scales with a cumulative property, developed by Louis Guttman in 1944. The method assumes that items form a perfect or near-perfect hierarchy: if a respondent endorses a harder item, they must endorse all easier items below it. This creates a reproducible scale structure useful for measuring constructs with ordinal properties such as difficulty, intensity, or severity.	Floor and ceiling effects are psychometric phenomena in which a disproportionately large proportion of respondents achieve the lowest (floor) or highest (ceiling) possible score on a measurement scale. These effects compromise scale reliability and responsiveness, limiting the instrument's ability to distinguish among respondents and detect meaningful change over time. Systematic assessment of floor and ceiling effects is essential for evaluating the psychometric adequacy of health-related quality-of-life scales, functional status measures, and other patient-reported outcomes.