方法对比

	拟合优度检验	均方误差 (MSE)
领域	模型评估	模型评估
方法族	MCDM	MCDM
起源年份	1900	1809
提出者	Karl Pearson	Carl Friedrich Gauss
类型	Hypothesis testing framework for model adequacy	Squared-error loss function
开创性文献	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157-175.	Gauss, C. F. (1809). Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in Sectionibus Conicis Solem Ambientium. Hamburg: Perthes and Besser.
别名	goodness of fit test, GOF test, model fit assessment	MSE, L2 error, quadratic error
相关	4	4
摘要	Goodness-of-fit (GOF) testing is a framework for assessing whether observed data are consistent with a hypothesized probability distribution or model. Originating from Karl Pearson's chi-square test (1900), GOF tests quantify the discrepancy between data and model predictions, yielding p-values to judge whether observed deviations are statistically significant or due to random chance.	Mean Squared Error is the foundational loss function for regression models, measuring the average squared deviation between predictions and observations. Originating from Gauss and Legendre's method of least squares (1805-1809), MSE is the basis for ordinary least squares regression and remains central to modern machine learning optimization.