方法对比

	大气环流模型	HEC-RAS	通用土壤流失方程
领域	地球物理学	地球物理学	地球物理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1975	1995	1978
提出者	Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald	US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center	Waldo Wischmeier and Dwight Smith
类型	Deterministic coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation	1D/2D river hydraulics and flood inundation modeling	Empirical soil erosion prediction model
开创性文献	Manabe, S., & Wetherald, R. T. (1975). The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32(1), 3-15.	Brunner, G. W. (2010). HEC-RAS river analysis system hydraulic reference manual. US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center.	Wischmeier, W. H., & Smith, D. D. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: A guide to conservation planning. USDA Agricultural Handbook 537.
别名	GCM, Global Climate Model	HEC-RAS	USLE, Revised USLE
相关	3	3	3
摘要	A General Circulation Model (GCM), also called a Global Climate Model, is a three-dimensional numerical representation of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, ice, and land surface that simulates physical processes governing weather and climate. Pioneered by Manabe and Wetherald in 1975, GCMs are the primary tools for understanding past climate, projecting future climate change, and investigating climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases and other forcings.	HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System) is a hydraulic modeling software developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers that computes water surface elevation and velocity in open channels and floodplains, and depicts inundation extent and depth. Since its introduction in 1995, HEC-RAS has become the de facto standard for floodplain delineation, dam break analysis, and flood risk assessment for regulatory and engineering purposes.	The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an empirical model that estimates annual soil loss due to sheet and rill erosion on hillslopes caused by rainfall and runoff. Developed by Wischmeier and Smith in 1978 from decades of erosion plot experiments, USLE has become a standard tool for erosion risk assessment, conservation planning, and best management practice design. The Revised USLE (RUSLE) updated the original model with improved factor algorithms.