方法对比

	Gender-Equitable Men Scale	Modern Sexism Scale
领域	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2008	1995
提出者	Julie Pulerwitz & Gary Barker	Janet K. Swim, Kathryn J. Aikin, Wayne S. Hall, and Barbara A. Hunter
类型	Self-report attitude scale	Self-report attitude scale
开创性文献	Pulerwitz, J., & Barker, G. (2008). Measuring attitudes toward gender norms among young men in Brazil: Development and psychometric evaluation of the GEM Scale. Men and Masculinities, 10(3), 322–338.	Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 199–214.
别名	GEM Scale, Gender Equitable Men Scale, GEMS	MSS, Swim Modern Sexism Scale, Neosexism
相关	4	4
摘要	The Gender-Equitable Men (GEM) Scale is a 24-item self-report instrument developed by Julie Pulerwitz and Gary Barker in 2008 to measure attitudes toward gender norms, particularly among men. Created and first validated with young men in Brazil through the Instituto Promundo programme, it covers norms around sexual and reproductive health, sexual relationships, violence, domestic work and child care, and homophobia, and has become a leading tool for evaluating gender-transformative health and violence-prevention interventions worldwide.	The Modern Sexism Scale, developed by Janet Swim and colleagues in 1995, distinguishes between old-fashioned (blatant) sexism and modern (subtle) sexism, paralleling work on old-fashioned versus modern racism. The accompanying Old-Fashioned Sexism Scale captures openly endorsed beliefs in women's inferiority and prescribed traditional roles, while the Modern Sexism Scale captures covert sexism expressed through denial of continuing discrimination, antagonism toward women's demands, and resentment of policies perceived as special favours.