方法对比

	Gender Attitude Survey	Modern Sexism Scale
领域	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1981	1995
提出者	Cross-national survey programmes (World Values Survey, ISSP, GSS)	Janet K. Swim, Kathryn J. Aikin, Wayne S. Hall, and Barbara A. Hunter
类型	Population attitude survey	Self-report attitude scale
开创性文献	Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN: 9780521529501	Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 199–214.
别名	Gender Attitudes Survey, Gender-Role Attitudes Survey, Gender Equality Attitudes Module	MSS, Swim Modern Sexism Scale, Neosexism
相关	4	4
摘要	Gender attitude surveys are population-based instruments that measure how a society views the roles, rights, and relations of women and men. Unlike clinical or laboratory scales, they are fielded to probability samples and embedded in large programmes such as the World Values Survey, the International Social Survey Programme, and the General Social Survey, using standardized items so that gender ideology can be estimated for whole populations and compared across countries and over decades.	The Modern Sexism Scale, developed by Janet Swim and colleagues in 1995, distinguishes between old-fashioned (blatant) sexism and modern (subtle) sexism, paralleling work on old-fashioned versus modern racism. The accompanying Old-Fashioned Sexism Scale captures openly endorsed beliefs in women's inferiority and prescribed traditional roles, while the Modern Sexism Scale captures covert sexism expressed through denial of continuing discrimination, antagonism toward women's demands, and resentment of policies perceived as special favours.