方法对比

	焦点小组法	Participant Observation
领域	质性研究	质性研究
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1956	1922
提出者	Robert K. Merton and Paul F. Lazarsfeld	Bronislaw Malinowski
类型	Method	Method
开创性文献	Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-0803954366	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465026432
别名	FGD, focus group discussion, group interview	ethnographic observation, participatory observation, overt observation, immersive observation
相关	4	4
摘要	Focus group discussions are a qualitative research method in which a trained moderator guides a small group (typically 6–12 participants) through structured or semi-structured discussion of a specific topic or product. Developed by Merton and Lazarsfeld in the 1950s for market research, focus groups are now widely used in health sciences, education, social sciences, and policy research. The method leverages group interaction to generate rich, contextual insights that individual interviews may not reveal.	Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural meaning. Pioneered by Malinowski in the 1920s and developed in anthropology, the method has been adopted across sociology, education, health sciences, and organizational research. The researcher functions as both insider (participating in group activities) and outsider (maintaining analytical distance), generating thick description—rich accounts of context, behavior, and meaning that reveal how people actually live and interact.