方法对比

	现场记录	案例研究	日记法	非参与者观察
领域	调查方法论	质性	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)	1984 (seminal codification)	1920s–1940s (systematised by Allport, 1942)	Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys
提出者	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.	Robert K. Yin (systematised in Case Study Research, 1984)	Gordon Allport (systematic social-science use); Nels Anderson (early fieldwork diaries)	Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology
类型	Qualitative data collection and recording technique	Qualitative research design	Qualitative / mixed-methods data-collection technique	Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection
开创性文献	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Alaszewski, A. (2006). Using Diaries for Social Research. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761941415	Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.
别名	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings	Vaka Çalışması (Case Study), case study design, case study methodology	diary study, diary technique, self-report diary, daily diary method	detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation
相关	6	5	5	5
摘要	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.	Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observation, documents, and artefacts — to build a rich, contextualised account of a bounded unit.	The diary method is a data-collection technique in which participants record their thoughts, behaviours, events, or experiences in their own words at regular or event-contingent intervals over a defined study period. By capturing data close in time to the event, diaries reduce retrospective recall bias and give researchers access to the texture of everyday life as it unfolds — something one-off surveys and retrospective interviews cannot provide.	Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement.