方法对比

	现场实验	析因实验
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1920s–1930s (agriculture); 1990s–2000s (social sciences)	1926–1935
提出者	Formalized by R. A. Fisher (1935); systematized in social sciences by Harrison & List (2004)	Ronald A. Fisher
类型	Experimental design	Quantitative experimental design
开创性文献	Harrison, G. W., & List, J. A. (2004). Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), 1009–1055.	Fisher, R. A. (1935). The Design of Experiments. Oliver and Boyd.
别名	field trial, natural field experiment, randomized field experiment, field RCT	factorial design, factorial ANOVA design, multi-factor experiment, crossed-factor design
相关	5	6
摘要	A field experiment applies the logic of a randomized controlled trial in a naturally occurring, real-world environment rather than an artificial laboratory. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions while going about everyday activities, allowing researchers to estimate causal effects with high internal validity while preserving a level of ecological realism that laboratory settings cannot offer. The design is especially prominent in economics, public health, political science, and development research.	A factorial experiment is an experimental design in which two or more independent variables (factors) are manipulated simultaneously, and every combination of their levels is tested. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in the 1920s–1930s, it is the standard approach whenever a researcher needs to detect not only the main effect of each factor but also whether the effect of one factor depends on the level of another — the interaction effect.