方法对比

	现场实验	全因子实验设计	随机对照试验 (RCT)
领域	实验设计	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
起源年份	1920s–1930s (agriculture); 1990s–2000s (social sciences)	1926	1948
提出者	Formalized by R. A. Fisher (1935); systematized in social sciences by Harrison & List (2004)	R. A. Fisher	James Lind (early precursor, 1747); modern formulation: Austin Bradford Hill & Medical Research Council (1948)
类型	Experimental design	Parametric factorial experiment	Interventional comparative study
开创性文献	Harrison, G. W., & List, J. A. (2004). Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), 1009–1055.	Box, G. E. P., Hunter, J. S., & Hunter, W. G. (2005). Statistics for Experimenters: Design, Innovation, and Discovery (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471718130	Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., for the CONSORT Group (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials. BMJ, 340, c332.
别名	field trial, natural field experiment, randomized field experiment, field RCT	factorial experiment, 2^k factorial, full factorial, Faktöriyel Deneme Deseni (Full Factorial, 2^k)	RCT, randomised controlled trial, clinical trial, Randomize Kontrollü Çalışma (RCT) Tasarımı
相关	5	5	7
摘要	A field experiment applies the logic of a randomized controlled trial in a naturally occurring, real-world environment rather than an artificial laboratory. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions while going about everyday activities, allowing researchers to estimate causal effects with high internal validity while preserving a level of ecological realism that laboratory settings cannot offer. The design is especially prominent in economics, public health, political science, and development research.	A full factorial design is a parametric experimental method in which every combination of factor levels is tested simultaneously, enabling the estimation of all main effects and all interaction effects in a single study. Rooted in R. A. Fisher's foundational work on designed experiments (1926) and systematically developed by Box, Hunter, and Hunter (2005) and Montgomery (2017), the 2^k form tests k two-level factors across 2^k experimental runs and is the benchmark against which all other factorial designs are measured.	A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard experimental design in clinical and health research, in which participants are randomly allocated to a treatment group or a control group so that the effect of an intervention can be measured with the highest possible degree of internal validity. The modern parallel-group RCT was formalized by Austin Bradford Hill and the Medical Research Council in their landmark streptomycin trial of 1948, and its reporting is governed today by the CONSORT 2010 guidelines (Schulz et al., 2010).