方法对比

	现场实验	整群随机对照试验
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1920s–1930s (agriculture); 1990s–2000s (social sciences)	1978–1980s
提出者	Formalized by R. A. Fisher (1935); systematized in social sciences by Harrison & List (2004)	Cornfield (1978); systematised by Donner and colleagues (1980s)
类型	Experimental design	Experimental design
开创性文献	Harrison, G. W., & List, J. A. (2004). Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), 1009–1055.	Donner, A., & Klar, N. (2000). Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research. Arnold. ISBN: 978-0340652978
别名	field trial, natural field experiment, randomized field experiment, field RCT	cluster RCT, group-randomized trial, community randomized trial, cluster-randomized experiment
相关	5	4
摘要	A field experiment applies the logic of a randomized controlled trial in a naturally occurring, real-world environment rather than an artificial laboratory. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions while going about everyday activities, allowing researchers to estimate causal effects with high internal validity while preserving a level of ecological realism that laboratory settings cannot offer. The design is especially prominent in economics, public health, political science, and development research.	A cluster randomized controlled trial (cluster RCT) is an experimental design in which intact social or organisational groups — such as schools, clinics, villages, or workplaces — are randomly assigned to treatment conditions rather than individual participants. Outcomes are still measured at the individual level, but the unit of randomization is the cluster. This design is essential when an intervention is delivered to whole groups, when there is a risk of contamination between participants in the same setting, or when individual randomization is logistically or ethically impractical.