方法对比

	基于场地的最大变异抽样	目的性抽样
领域	调查方法论	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1990 (Patton); field application established through ecological and ethnographic practice in the 1990s–2000s	Formalized ~1980–1990
提出者	Michael Quinn Patton (maximum variation sampling); adapted for field research contexts	Michael Quinn Patton (systematic articulation); roots in early qualitative inquiry
类型	Purposive qualitative/mixed-methods sampling strategy	Non-probability sampling strategy
开创性文献	Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.). Sage. [Maximum variation sampling discussed in Chapter 5] ISBN: 978-0761919711	Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0803937796
别名	field MVS, field-based purposeful maximum variation, maximum heterogeneity field sampling, diverse case field sampling	judgmental sampling, selective sampling, criterion-based sampling, purposeful sampling
相关	6	4
摘要	Field-based maximum variation sampling is a purposive strategy in which a researcher deliberately selects field sites, ecological plots, communities, or observational units that span the widest possible range of relevant characteristics. By maximising heterogeneity among selected units, the approach ensures that both common patterns shared across diverse conditions and unique features specific to particular contexts are documented, making findings robust across a broad spectrum of real-world variation.	Purposive sampling is a non-probability strategy in which the researcher deliberately selects participants, documents, or cases that are information-rich with respect to the research question. Rather than drawing units at random, the researcher applies explicit criteria aligned with the study's purpose, maximising the depth and relevance of the data collected. It is the default sampling logic in most qualitative research designs and is also used in mixed-methods and applied evaluative work.