方法对比

	基于田野的民族志	纵向民族志
领域	质性	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Early 20th century (Malinowski 1922; Geertz 1973)	1920s (classical origins); refined 1990s–2000s
提出者	Bronislaw Malinowski; Clifford Geertz (interpretive tradition)	Rooted in classical anthropological fieldwork (Malinowski, 1922); systematised for sociological revisits by Michael Burawoy (2003)
类型	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research design
开创性文献	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465097197	Burawoy, M. (2003). Revisits: An outline of a theory of reflexive ethnography. American Sociological Review, 68(5), 645–679.
别名	fieldwork ethnography, immersive ethnography, ethnographic fieldwork, site-based ethnography	extended ethnography, long-term fieldwork, sustained ethnographic study, longitudinal field research
相关	6	5
摘要	Field-based ethnography is a qualitative research design in which the researcher immerses themselves in a social setting or community over an extended period, observing and participating in everyday life to understand cultural practices, meanings, and social dynamics from an insider perspective. It is the classical form of ethnography, grounded in sustained physical presence at a research site, and distinguished from archival, virtual, or document-only approaches by its central reliance on direct, embodied fieldwork.	Longitudinal ethnography is a qualitative research design in which a researcher conducts sustained, repeated fieldwork with the same community, organisation, or group across an extended period — months to decades. By returning to the field at multiple time points, the researcher captures how social processes, meanings, and structures evolve, making it the only qualitative method capable of directly observing change and continuity in lived experience.