方法对比

	现场文档分析	内容分析	民族志
领域	质性	质性	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1970s–1980s (codified in qualitative research methodology)	Systematised through Krippendorff's methodology work; 4th edition 2018	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
提出者	Rooted in ethnographic fieldwork traditions; systematised in qualitative education research by Bogdan & Biklen and Hammersley & Atkinson	Klaus Krippendorff (systematic formulation); roots in early 20th-century communications research	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
类型	Qualitative research strategy	Qualitative / mixed-method research technique	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
开创性文献	Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (2007). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods (5th ed.). Pearson. ISBN: 978-0205483655	Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506395661	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
别名	FBDA, field document analysis, naturalistic document analysis, ethnographic document analysis	İçerik Analizi, systematic content coding, quantitative content analysis	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
相关	6	5	5
摘要	Field-based document analysis is a qualitative strategy in which the researcher enters a real-world setting — a school, clinic, organisation, or community — and systematically collects, authenticates, and analyses documents that are naturally produced and used there. Unlike library-based or archival document analysis, the field context is integral: the researcher observes how documents function in practice, who produces and reads them, and what organisational or cultural work they perform. The approach is widely used in ethnographic, case-study, and institutional research.	Content analysis is a systematic research technique for reducing text, visual, or media material into coded categories so that patterns can be counted, compared, and interpreted. Formalised by Klaus Krippendorff in his widely cited methodology textbook (latest edition 2018), the method sits at the boundary of qualitative and quantitative inquiry: it imposes structured, replicable coding on inherently meaning-laden material.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.