方法对比

	面对面半结构化访谈	焦点小组研究
领域	调查方法论	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1940s onward; widely codified in the 1980s–1990s	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
提出者	Rooted in sociological interview traditions; systematised by researchers including Robert Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld (focused interview, 1940s) and later elaborated by Steinar Kvale	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
类型	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative data collection method
开创性文献	Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780198722519	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
别名	in-person semi-structured interview, semi-structured personal interview, guided face-to-face interview, FFSSI	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
相关	6	6
摘要	A face-to-face semi-structured interview is a qualitative data collection technique in which a researcher meets a participant in person and follows a prepared topic guide of open-ended questions while retaining the flexibility to probe, reorder, and explore emerging themes. It combines the consistency of a predetermined agenda with the depth and responsiveness of an open dialogue, making it one of the most widely used methods in qualitative and mixed-methods research across the social, health, and educational sciences.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.