方法对比
并排查看您选择的方法；存在差异的行会高亮显示。
| 面对面参与式观察× | 民族志× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域≠ | 调查方法论 | 质性 |
| 方法族 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 起源年份≠ | Early 20th century (Chicago School ~1920s; Spradley formalisation 1980) | c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific) |
| 提出者≠ | Chicago School sociologists (Robert Park, Ernest Burgess); systematised by Raymond Gold (1958) and James Spradley (1980) | Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology |
| 类型≠ | Qualitative data collection technique | Qualitative fieldwork tradition |
| 开创性文献≠ | Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant Observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030445019 | Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462 |
| 别名 | in-person participant observation, direct participant observation, fieldwork participant observation, co-present observation | Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research |
| 相关 | 5 | 5 |
| 摘要≠ | Face-to-face participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher physically enters a setting and engages with participants in real time to document social behaviour, interactions, and meaning-making as they naturally occur. Unlike online or remote variants, the researcher is bodily present, enabling direct sensory access to context, non-verbal cues, and the full texture of everyday life in the setting under study. | Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together. |
| ScholarGate数据集 ↗ |
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