方法对比

	专家访谈	行动研究	案例研究
领域	质性	质性研究	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1970s–1990s (methodologically systematized)	1946	1984 (seminal codification)
提出者	Meuser & Nagel (methodological codification, 1991); roots in elite interview tradition (Dexter, 1970)	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Robert K. Yin (systematised in Case Study Research, 1984)
类型	Qualitative research method	Method	Qualitative research design
开创性文献	Bogner, A., Littig, B., & Menz, W. (Eds.). (2009). Interviewing Experts. Palgrave Macmillan.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169
别名	elite interview, key informant interview, specialist interview	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	Vaka Çalışması (Case Study), case study design, case study methodology
相关	6	1	5
摘要	The expert interview is a qualitative method in which researchers conduct in-depth, semi-structured conversations with individuals who hold specialised knowledge, experience, or decision-making authority in a defined field. Unlike general population interviews that target subjective lived experience, expert interviews treat respondents as proxies for a broader institutional or professional knowledge domain. The method is widely used in policy research, organisational studies, science and technology studies, and applied social sciences to map tacit professional knowledge, reconstruct decision processes, and triangulate documentary sources.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observation, documents, and artefacts — to build a rich, contextualised account of a bounded unit.