方法对比

	Ethnoscience Taxonomy	Free Listing
领域	Anthropology	Anthropology
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1979	1988
提出者	Ethnoscience / new ethnography tradition (Spradley; Conklin; Frake)	Cognitive anthropology tradition (formalized by Weller & Romney; Borgatti)
类型	Elicitation and analysis procedure for native folk classification systems	Elicitation procedure for the items and salience of a cultural domain
开创性文献	Spradley, J. P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 9780030444968	Weller, S. C., & Romney, A. K. (1988). Systematic Data Collection. Qualitative Research Methods Series 10. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780803930742
别名	Folk Taxonomy, Ethnographic Semantics, New Ethnography Taxonomy, Folk Classification Analysis	Free Lists, Free-List Task, Free Recall Listing, Freelisting
相关	4	4
摘要	Ethnoscience taxonomy is the ethnoscientific, or 'new ethnography,' approach to recovering how a culture classifies its world by eliciting the native terms of a domain and the inclusion and contrast relations that link them. Through structured interview questions — especially 'Is X a kind of Y?' and 'What kinds of Y are there?' — the researcher discovers which categories nest under which and which categories stand opposed at the same level. Organizing these relations produces a folk-taxonomic tree: a hierarchy of native categories built from the informants' own words rather than from scientific classification imposed from outside.	Free listing is a foundational elicitation technique in cognitive anthropology in which informants are asked to name, in any order, all the items they can think of that belong to a cultural domain — for example 'all the kinds of fruit' or 'all the things that can give you a cold.' Aggregating these lists reveals both the content of the domain (which items belong) and the salience of each item (how culturally central it is), inferred from how frequently and how early it is mentioned.