方法对比

	Ethnographic Interview	Cultural Models Analysis
领域	Anthropology	Anthropology
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1979	2005
提出者	James P. Spradley	Cognitive anthropology of cultural models (Quinn, Holland, D'Andrade, Strauss)
类型	Structured developmental sequence of interview questions for eliciting cultural knowledge	Discourse-analytic method for reconstructing shared tacit cognitive schemas
开创性文献	Spradley, J. P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 9780030444968	Quinn, N. (Ed.) (2005). Finding Culture in Talk: A Collection of Methods. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN: 9781403969132
别名	Spradley Interview, Developmental Research Sequence Interview, Ethnographic Interviewing, Domain Elicitation Interview	Cultural Schema Analysis, Cultural Models Theory, Schema-Based Discourse Analysis, Finding Culture in Talk
相关	3	4
摘要	The ethnographic interview, formalized by James Spradley, is a deliberately staged conversation whose goal is to discover how an insider categorizes and talks about their own cultural world rather than to test the researcher's categories. It proceeds through a developmental research sequence of question types — broad grand-tour questions, fine-grained descriptive questions, structural questions that probe how knowledge is organized, and contrast questions that surface the distinctions informants draw between terms. The point is not a list of facts but a reconstructed map of meanings expressed in the informant's own native terms.	Cultural models analysis is a discourse-analytic method for reconstructing the shared, largely tacit cognitive schemas — the cultural models — that organize how members of a group understand a domain such as marriage, success, or illness. Rather than asking people to state their models directly (they usually cannot), the analyst examines what speakers say spontaneously: the key words they reach for, the metaphors they reason with, and the assumptions their arguments take for granted. Recurring patterns across many speakers' talk are taken as traces of an underlying schema that the talk presupposes but never fully spells out.