方法对比

	等效性检验（TOST	Mann-Whitney U 检验
领域	统计学	统计学
方法族	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
起源年份	1987	1947
提出者	Donald J. Schuirmann	H. B. Mann & D. R. Whitney
类型	Parametric equivalence test	Nonparametric two-group comparison
开创性文献	Schuirmann, D.J. (1987). A Comparison of the Two One-Sided Tests Procedure and the Power Approach for Assessing the Equivalence of Average Bioavailability. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 15(6), 657–680.	Mann, H. B. & Whitney, D. R. (1947). On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18(1), 50–60.
别名	TOST, two one-sided tests, bioequivalence test, Eşdeğerlik Testi (TOST — Two One-Sided Tests)	Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Mann-Whitney U Testi
相关	5	4
摘要	The equivalence test using the Two One-Sided Tests (TOST) procedure is a parametric hypothesis test designed to demonstrate that the difference between two group means falls within a pre-specified equivalence region ±Δ. Introduced by Schuirmann (1987) in the context of pharmaceutical bioequivalence, TOST reverses the logic of classical null-hypothesis testing: instead of trying to detect a difference, it provides positive evidence of similarity.	The Mann-Whitney U test is the nonparametric alternative to the independent samples t-test, comparing two independent groups by ranking all observations together rather than relying on their means. It was introduced by H. B. Mann and D. R. Whitney in 1947 and does not require the data to be normally distributed.