方法对比

	Equivalence Scale Analysis	Atkinson Index	Gini Coefficient
领域	经济学	Sociology	Sociology
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1980	1970	1912
提出者	Foundations in Deaton & Muellbauer (1980); cross-country sensitivity by Buhmann et al. (1988)	Anthony Barnes Atkinson	Corrado Gini
类型	Welfare-comparability adjustment	Welfare-based, parameterized inequality index	Scalar measure of statistical dispersion / inequality
开创性文献	Deaton, A., & Muellbauer, J. (1980). Economics and Consumer Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521296762	Atkinson, A. B. (1970). On the measurement of inequality. Journal of Economic Theory, 2(3), 244–263.	Ceriani, L., & Verme, P. (2012). The origins of the Gini index: extracts from Variabilità e Mutabilità (1912) by Corrado Gini. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 10(3), 421–443.
别名	Equivalence Scales, Household Equivalence Scale, OECD Equivalence Scale, Adult Equivalent Scale	Atkinson inequality measure, Atkinson's A, welfare-based inequality index	Gini index, Gini ratio, Gini concentration ratio, G
相关	3	5	5
摘要	Equivalence scales convert a household's total income or consumption into a measure of the living standard of its members, adjusting for the fact that larger households need more resources but also share them — there are economies of scale in housing, utilities, and durables, and children typically cost less than adults. Dividing household resources by the scale yields equivalized income, the per-equivalent-adult quantity that makes welfare comparable across households of different size and composition. The theory traces to Deaton and Muellbauer's treatment in Economics and Consumer Behavior (1980), and Buhmann and colleagues' 1988 cross-country study showed that inequality and poverty rankings can be strikingly sensitive to which scale is chosen.	The Atkinson index is a welfare-based measure of inequality that incorporates an explicit, analyst-chosen parameter for how much society dislikes inequality. Introduced by Anthony Atkinson in 1970, it asks what fraction of total income could be discarded, under an equal distribution, while leaving social welfare unchanged — making the ethical judgement behind any inequality comparison transparent rather than hidden.	The Gini coefficient is the most widely used single-number summary of inequality in a distribution such as income or wealth. Introduced by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912, it equals twice the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality, ranging from 0 when everyone has the same amount to a maximum approaching 1 when one unit holds everything.