方法对比

	Ecological Momentary Assessment (Disability)	Goal Attainment Scaling
领域	Disability Studies	Social Work
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1994	1968
提出者	Arthur A. Stone & Saul Shiffman	Thomas J. Kiresuk & Robert E. Sherman
类型	Repeated real-time, in-context sampling pipeline for disability-relevant experience	Individualized, criterion-referenced outcome measurement procedure
开创性文献	Stone, A. A., & Shiffman, S. (1994). Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in behavioral medicine. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 16(3), 199-202.	Kiresuk, T. J., & Sherman, R. E. (1968). Goal attainment scaling: A general method for evaluating comprehensive community mental health programs. Community Mental Health Journal, 4(6), 443–453.
别名	EMA (Disability), Experience Sampling in Disability, Real-Time Momentary Sampling, Ambulatory Assessment of Disability Experience	GAS, Goal Attainment Scale, Kiresuk-Sherman Goal Attainment Scaling, Individualized Goal Scaling
相关	2	3
摘要	Ecological momentary assessment (EMA), introduced to behavioral medicine by Stone and Shiffman in 1994, is a method of repeatedly sampling people's experiences in real time and in their natural environments rather than relying on retrospective questionnaires. Applied to disability research, EMA captures momentary, disability-relevant states — pain, fatigue, mood, symptom interference, and participation in daily activities — as they occur, typically through prompts delivered on a smartphone many times a day. By measuring experience in the moment and in context, EMA reduces the recall bias that distorts global retrospective reports and exposes the within-person variability and momentary person-environment interactions that aggregate scores hide. Prompts may be signal-contingent (delivered at random or scheduled times), event-contingent (triggered when a defined event occurs), or interval-contingent (at fixed intervals), and the resulting intensive longitudinal data are analyzed with multilevel models that separate within-person dynamics from between-person differences. EMA has become a cornerstone for studying how disability is actually lived day to day.	Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) is a method for measuring the outcomes of an individualized intervention by writing, in advance, a small set of client-specific goals and defining for each a graded scale of possible outcomes from much worse than expected to much better than expected. After the intervention, the actual outcome on each goal is scored on this scale and the scores are combined into a single standardized index, allowing idiosyncratic, personally meaningful goals to be aggregated and compared across clients and programs. It was introduced by Thomas Kiresuk and Robert Sherman in 1968 to evaluate community mental health programs.