方法对比

	Ecological Inference	Survey Experiment
领域	Political Science	Political Science
方法族	Regression model	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1997	2011
提出者	Leo Goodman (ecological regression); Gary King (statistical EI solution)	Experimental political science; synthesized by Diana Mutz
类型	Aggregate-data model inferring individual-level rates from grouped totals	Randomized experiment embedded in a survey
开创性文献	King, G. (1997). A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem: Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate Data. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN: 9780691012414	Mutz, D. C. (2011). Population-Based Survey Experiments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN: 9780691144528
别名	EI, Ecological regression, King's ecological inference, Aggregate-to-individual inference	Population-based survey experiment, Survey-embedded experiment, Question-wording experiment, Framing experiment
相关	5	4
摘要	Ecological inference is the problem of learning about individual behavior — such as how Black and white voters cast their ballots — when only aggregate data are available, like precinct-level turnout and racial composition. Because individual-level data are missing, the within-group rates are not directly observed; ecological inference recovers them by combining the deterministic accounting constraints that each precinct must satisfy with a statistical model of how the unobserved rates vary across precincts. Gary King's 1997 solution unified the deterministic method of bounds with Leo Goodman's classic ecological regression, sharply reducing the long-standing risk of the ecological fallacy.	A survey experiment embeds a randomized experiment inside a survey: respondents are randomly assigned to different versions of a question, frame, or stimulus, and their answers are compared to estimate a causal effect. By combining the internal validity of randomization with the representative samples and rich measurement of survey research, survey experiments — especially population-based ones — let political scientists draw causal inferences about how information, framing, or message attributes shape public attitudes and behavior.