方法对比

	Dot-Probe Task	Emotional Stroop Task	Evaluative Priming	Sequential Priming
领域	社会心理学	社会心理学	社会心理学	社会心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1986	1986	1986	1986
提出者	Colin MacLeod, Andrew Mathews & Philip Tata	Emotion-cognition tradition (modified from Stroop); MacLeod and colleagues	Russell H. Fazio and colleagues	Social cognition priming tradition (Fazio and colleagues)
类型	Reaction-time attentional bias paradigm	Reaction-time interference paradigm	Reaction-time implicit attitude paradigm	General reaction-time priming framework
开创性文献	MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15-20.	MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15-20.	Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 229-238.	Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 229-238.
别名	Visual Probe Task, Attentional Bias Task, MacLeod Probe Task	Emotional Interference Task, Affective Stroop, Modified Stroop Task	Automatic Evaluation Task, Fazio Priming Task, Bona Fide Pipeline	Prime-Target Priming, Semantic-Affective Priming, Response-Window Priming
相关	3	3	3	3
摘要	The dot-probe task, introduced by MacLeod, Mathews, and Tata in 1986, measures selective attention to emotional information. On each trial two stimuli -- typically one threatening and one neutral word or image -- appear simultaneously in different screen locations; they then disappear and a probe (a dot or small symbol) appears in the location previously occupied by one of them. Participants respond to the probe as fast as possible. If attention was already drawn to the threatening stimulus, probes appearing in its location are detected faster, yielding an attentional-bias score from the difference in reaction times. The task gave attentional bias an objective, behavioral operationalization and became the dominant paradigm in anxiety and emotion research, as well as a target for attention-bias-modification interventions.	The emotional Stroop task adapts the classic color-word Stroop to measure attentional capture by emotional content. Participants name the ink color of words as quickly as possible while ignoring the words' meanings; some words are emotionally salient (for example threat words for anxious individuals or drug words for users) and others are neutral. When color-naming is slower for emotional than for neutral words, this interference indicates that the emotional meaning automatically drew processing resources away from the color task. Because the slowdown tracks an individual's concerns -- spider words for spider-phobics, body-shape words for people with eating disorders -- the emotional Stroop became a widely used index of content-specific attentional bias and emotional preoccupation in clinical and social psychology.	Evaluative priming, introduced by Fazio and colleagues in 1986, is the foundational reaction-time paradigm for measuring automatic attitudes. On each trial an attitude object (the prime) is briefly presented and is quickly followed by a clearly positive or negative target word that the participant categorizes as 'good' or 'bad' as fast as possible. When the prime and target share the same valence -- a liked object followed by a positive word -- responses are faster; when they mismatch, responses slow. This congruency effect reveals that merely seeing an attitude object automatically activates its associated evaluation, which then facilitates or interferes with judging the target. Because the attitude is inferred from response speed rather than self-report, evaluative priming gives a window onto spontaneous evaluations and became, in its 'bona fide pipeline' form, an early standard for measuring implicit attitudes including racial prejudice.	Sequential priming is the general experimental framework underlying many implicit social-cognition measures: a prime is presented, followed after some interval by a target to which the participant responds, and the speed of responding reveals what the prime automatically activated. By varying the prime-target relation (semantic, affective, stereotypic, goal-related) and the stimulus onset asynchrony, researchers can map which associations are activated, how quickly, and whether the activation is automatic or strategic. Short intervals isolate automatic spreading activation that participants cannot control, while longer intervals permit controlled processes. Evaluative priming, affective priming, and stereotype priming are all special cases of this logic, making sequential priming a unifying methodological backbone for studying automatic mental processes in social psychology.