方法对比

	Discourse Analysis of Foreign Policy	Operational Code Analysis
领域	International Relations	International Relations
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2006	1969
提出者	Poststructuralist IR (David Campbell, Lene Hansen) and critical discourse analysis traditions	Nathan Leites (origin); Alexander George (construct); Walker, Schafer & Young (VICS)
类型	Interpretive analysis of language, meaning, and identity in foreign policy	Content-analytic measurement of leaders' political belief systems
开创性文献	Hansen, L. (2006). Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War. London: Routledge.	George, A. L. (1969). The 'operational code': A neglected approach to the study of political leaders and decision-making. International Studies Quarterly, 13(2), 190–222.
别名	Foreign-Policy Discourse Analysis, Poststructuralist Discourse Analysis in IR, Securitization Discourse Analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis of Foreign Policy	Operational Code, Verbs in Context System (VICS), Belief System Analysis, Operational Code Construct
相关	3	3
摘要	Discourse analysis of foreign policy is an interpretive method that examines how language constitutes the identities, threats, and interests that make particular foreign policies appear necessary and legitimate. Rather than treating speeches as data to be counted, it asks how states represent themselves and others — friend and enemy, civilized and barbaric, self and threat — and how those representations enable and constrain policy. Associated with poststructuralist IR (David Campbell, Lene Hansen, whose Security as Practice (2006) offers a systematic framework), it shows that foreign policy and identity are mutually constituted through discourse.	Operational code analysis measures a political leader's belief system — their fundamental assumptions about the nature of politics and the best strategies for pursuing goals — from the leader's own words. Originating in Nathan Leites's study of the Bolshevik mindset and reformulated by Alexander George (1969) into a structured set of philosophical and instrumental questions, it later became a quantitative method through the Verbs in Context System (VICS). By coding how a leader talks about conflict, cooperation, control, and risk, analysts characterize the cognitive framework through which that leader interprets the world and chooses action.