方法对比

	Deliberative Polling	Participatory Evaluation
领域	Public Policy	Public Policy
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1991	1998
提出者	James S. Fishkin	J. Bradley Cousins & Elizabeth Whitmore
类型	Deliberative survey method	Collaborative, stakeholder-engaged evaluation approach
开创性文献	Fishkin, J. S. (1991). Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN: 9780300051636	Cousins, J. B., & Whitmore, E. (1998). Framing participatory evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, 1998(80), 5–23.
别名	Deliberative Poll, Deliberative Opinion Poll, Fishkin Deliberative Polling	Collaborative Evaluation, Stakeholder-Based Evaluation, Practical Participatory Evaluation
相关	4	4
摘要	Deliberative Polling is a method, devised by James Fishkin, that combines the representativeness of a scientific opinion survey with the informed reflection of deliberation. A large, random and representative sample of citizens is first polled on an issue, then gathered to deliberate over balanced materials and dialogue with experts and one another, and finally polled again. The change between the before and after surveys reveals what the public would think about an issue if it were genuinely informed and had the opportunity to consider it — Fishkin's idea of 'counterfactual' or considered public opinion.	Participatory evaluation is a family of approaches in which stakeholders — program staff, beneficiaries, community members — are engaged as active partners in conducting the evaluation rather than as passive subjects of it. In their influential 1998 framing, J. Bradley Cousins and Elizabeth Whitmore distinguished two streams: practical participatory evaluation, oriented to improving program decisions and use, and transformative participatory evaluation, oriented to empowerment and social justice. What unites them is shared control of the inquiry, but they vary along dimensions of who participates, how much control they hold, and how deeply they are involved.