方法对比

	Cyberball Paradigm	Minimal Group Paradigm
领域	社会心理学	社会心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2000	1971
提出者	Kipling Williams and colleagues	Henri Tajfel and colleagues
类型	Experimental paradigm for social exclusion	Experimental paradigm for intergroup discrimination
开创性文献	Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748-762.	Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1(2), 149-178.
别名	Cyberball, Cyberostracism Paradigm, Virtual Ball-Toss Ostracism Task	Minimal Group Experiment, Tajfel Matrices, Mere Categorization Paradigm
相关	3	3
摘要	The Cyberball paradigm, introduced by Williams, Cheung, and Choi in 2000, is the most widely used experimental method for inducing social exclusion in the laboratory. Participants believe they are playing a simple online ball-toss game with two or three other people, who are in fact computer-controlled. In the inclusion condition the participant receives the ball about as often as everyone else; in the exclusion condition the other players throw the ball to each other but, after a few initial throws, stop throwing to the participant entirely, ostracizing them. Despite the triviality and artificiality of the game -- the players are unseen strangers and the ball is virtual -- being excluded reliably threatens four fundamental needs (belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence) and produces negative mood and a cascade of downstream effects. Cyberball's power, simplicity, and adaptability made it the standard tool for studying the psychology of ostracism and rejection.	The minimal group paradigm is an experimental procedure, introduced by Henri Tajfel and colleagues in 1971, that strips intergroup conflict down to its barest possible cause: mere categorization. Participants are sorted into two groups on a trivial or random basis (for example, an alleged preference for one painter over another, or a coin toss), never meet other members, gain nothing personally, and then allocate points between anonymous in-group and out-group members using structured reward matrices. The striking and repeatedly replicated finding is that people favor their own group even when the category is meaningless and favoritism brings them no material gain. The paradigm became the empirical cornerstone of social identity theory, demonstrating that the cognitive act of dividing the social world into 'us' and 'them' is itself sufficient to produce discrimination.