方法对比

	横断面关系调查	调查研究
领域	研究设计	研究设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Mid-20th century onward	Late 19th century; methodologically systematised 1940s–1960s
提出者	Rooted in survey methodology traditions; codified by Fraenkel, Wallen, and Creswell among others	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; systematised by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues at Columbia in the 1940s
类型	Non-experimental quantitative design	Quantitative (and mixed) non-experimental design
开创性文献	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0078097706	Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000
别名	cross-sectional correlational survey, one-time relational survey, cross-sectional associational survey, single-occasion relational survey	survey methodology, questionnaire research, survey design, survey study
相关	4	4
摘要	A cross-sectional relational survey collects data from a representative sample at a single point in time and examines the statistical relationships (correlations, associations, predictions) among two or more variables. It combines the temporal efficiency of cross-sectional design with the relational focus of correlational survey research, making it one of the most widely used quantitative designs in education, social science, and health research when a quick, population-level picture of variable relationships is needed.	Survey research is a quantitative (and sometimes mixed-methods) design in which a researcher collects standardised self-report data from a sample drawn from a defined population, using a questionnaire or structured interview. It is the dominant non-experimental strategy for describing population characteristics, estimating prevalence, mapping attitude distributions, and testing bivariate or multivariate associations across social, behavioural, and health sciences.