方法对比

	横断面关系调查	关系调查
领域	研究设计	研究设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	Mid-20th century onward	Mid-20th century onward (systematised ~1960s–1990s)
提出者	Rooted in survey methodology traditions; codified by Fraenkel, Wallen, and Creswell among others	Established in educational and social science research methodology; systematised by Fraenkel & Wallen and others
类型	Non-experimental quantitative design	Quantitative non-experimental survey design
开创性文献	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0078097706	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525748
别名	cross-sectional correlational survey, one-time relational survey, cross-sectional associational survey, single-occasion relational survey	correlational survey, associational survey, relationship survey design, relational descriptive survey
相关	4	4
摘要	A cross-sectional relational survey collects data from a representative sample at a single point in time and examines the statistical relationships (correlations, associations, predictions) among two or more variables. It combines the temporal efficiency of cross-sectional design with the relational focus of correlational survey research, making it one of the most widely used quantitative designs in education, social science, and health research when a quick, population-level picture of variable relationships is needed.	Relational survey research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that gathers structured self-report data from a sample and examines the statistical associations among two or more variables. Unlike purely descriptive surveys, which only characterise distributions, relational surveys ask whether and how strongly variables co-vary — providing evidence of relationships without manipulating conditions or establishing causation.