方法对比

	对照组实验设计	所罗门四组设计
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1935 (Fisher); 1963 (Campbell & Stanley codification)	1949
提出者	Ronald A. Fisher; systematised by Donald T. Campbell & Julian C. Stanley	Richard L. Solomon
类型	Experimental research design	True experimental design
开创性文献	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.	Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150.
别名	controlled experiment, true experimental design, randomized controlled design, treatment-control design	Solomon design, four-group design, Solomon four-group control design, S4GD
相关	4	5
摘要	Control group experimental design is a fundamental experimental structure in which participants are assigned to at least two groups — a treatment group that receives the intervention and a control group that does not — so that the effect of the intervention can be isolated by comparing outcomes across groups. Randomisation of assignment strengthens causal inference by balancing known and unknown confounders.	The Solomon Four-Group Design extends the classic pretest-posttest control-group design by adding two groups that receive no pretest, enabling researchers to detect whether the pretest itself alters participants' responses to the treatment. Introduced by Richard L. Solomon in 1949, it remains the gold standard for isolating the independent effect of a pretest and for obtaining unbiased estimates of treatment efficacy.