方法对比

	对照组实验设计	前测-后测实验设计
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1935 (Fisher); 1963 (Campbell & Stanley codification)	1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley)
提出者	Ronald A. Fisher; systematised by Donald T. Campbell & Julian C. Stanley	Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley
类型	Experimental research design	Experimental / quasi-experimental research design
开创性文献	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.
别名	controlled experiment, true experimental design, randomized controlled design, treatment-control design	pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design
相关	4	5
摘要	Control group experimental design is a fundamental experimental structure in which participants are assigned to at least two groups — a treatment group that receives the intervention and a control group that does not — so that the effect of the intervention can be isolated by comparing outcomes across groups. Randomisation of assignment strengthens causal inference by balancing known and unknown confounders.	The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences.