方法对比

	控制图	失效模式与影响分析 (FMEA)
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1924 (first use); 1931 (seminal book)	1949 (military); widespread industrial adoption 1970s–1980s
提出者	Walter A. Shewhart (Bell Labs)	U.S. Military / NASA (formalized by MIL-P-1629, 1949)
类型	Statistical monitoring and control technique	Proactive risk analysis technique
开创性文献	Shewhart, W. A. (1931). Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product. Van Nostrand.	Stamatis, D. H. (2003). Failure Mode and Effect Analysis: FMEA from Theory to Execution (2nd ed.). ASQ Quality Press. ISBN: 978-0873895989
别名	Shewhart chart, process-behavior chart, SPC chart, quality control chart	FMEA, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, FMECA, Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis
相关	6	6
摘要	A control chart is a time-series graph with statistically derived upper and lower control limits that separates the natural, random variation of a process (common cause) from unusual, assignable variation (special cause). Invented by Walter Shewhart at Bell Labs in 1924, control charts remain the foundational tool of Statistical Process Control and are used across manufacturing, healthcare, software, and service industries to monitor whether a process remains stable and predictable over time.	Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a structured, proactive risk management technique used to identify potential failure modes in a system, process, or product design, evaluate their consequences, and prioritize corrective actions before failures occur. Originally developed for the U.S. military in 1949 and later adopted by NASA, automotive, and manufacturing industries, FMEA is now a cornerstone quality-engineering tool embedded in standards such as AIAG-VDA and ISO 9001-aligned processes.