方法对比

	阴谋论心态问卷	国家认同量表	政治意识形态量表
领域	政治心理学	政治心理学	政治心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2013	1989	1990
提出者	Roland Imhoff & Marko Bruder	Richard Kosterman & Seymour Feshbach	Hans-Dieter Klingemann & Norberto Bobbio
类型	Self-report	Self-report	Self-report
开创性文献	Bruder, M., Haffke, P., Neave, N., Nouripanah, N., & Imhoff, R. (2013). Measuring individual differences in generic beliefs in conspiracy: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 225.	Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10(2), 257-274.	Fuchs, D., & Klingemann, H. D. (1990). The left-right schema. In M. Kent Jennings & Jan W. Van Deth (Eds.), Continuities in political action. Berlin: De Gruyter.
别名	CMQ, Conspiracy Ideation Scale, Generic Conspiracy Belief	NIS, National Attachment Scale, Patriotism Scale	Left-Right Scale, Ideology Continuum, Political Spectrum Scale
相关	3	3	3
摘要	The Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire measures individual differences in generic conspiracy thinking—the tendency to attribute significant events to hidden, coordinated group actions by powerful actors rather than to incompetence, chance, or transparent public causes. Developed by Bruder et al. (2013), the five-item CMQ assesses a stable dispositional trait that predicts belief in diverse conspiracy theories (JFK assassination, 9/11 truthers, anti-vaccine narratives, QAnon) and distrust of institutions. It captures conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude distinct from specific beliefs.	The National Identity Scale measures the strength and character of individuals' identification with their nation, including attachment to national symbols, pride in national achievements, and sense of belonging to the national community. Developed by Kosterman and Feshbach (1989), it distinguishes patriotism (pride in national accomplishments, willingness to serve) from nationalism (belief in national superiority, willingness to act against outsiders). The measure has become essential in comparative politics, examining how national identity shapes political behavior, attitudes toward immigration, support for international cooperation, and electoral choices.	The Political Ideology Scale measures individual self-placement on a left-right political spectrum, capturing fundamental preferences for government role, economic organization, and social values. The single-item self-placement measure (most common) asks respondents to rate themselves on a 0-10 or 0-100 continuum; multi-item versions assess distinct ideological dimensions (economic policy, social policy, nationalism). The left-right axis remains the dominant organizing principle of political competition globally, predicting party choice, policy preferences, and electoral behavior despite critiques that it oversimplifies multidimensional political space.