方法对比

	CPR Design-Principle Diagnostics	Participatory GIS
领域	Environmental Sociology	Development Studies
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1990	2006
提出者	Elinor Ostrom; reviewed and refined by Michael Cox, Gwen Arnold & Sergio Villamayor-Tomas	Robert Chambers; Jon Corbett; PGIS practitioner community
类型	Diagnostic checklist for robustness of common-pool resource institutions	Participatory spatial data and mapping approach
开创性文献	Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521405997	Chambers, R. (2006). Participatory Mapping and Geographic Information Systems: Whose Map? Who is Empowered and Who Disempowered? Who Gains and Who Loses? The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 25(1), 1-11.
别名	Design Principles Diagnostics, Commons Design Principles Analysis, Ostrom Design Principles, Robust CPR Institution Diagnostics	PGIS, PPGIS, Participatory mapping with GIS, Community mapping
相关	3	4
摘要	Common-pool resource (CPR) diagnostics evaluate a self-governing commons against the design principles that Elinor Ostrom, in Governing the Commons (1990), found to characterize long-enduring institutions for managing shared resources. A common-pool resource is one from which it is hard to exclude users but where one person's use subtracts from what is left for others, creating dilemmas of overuse and underprovision. Ostrom's comparison of irrigation systems, fisheries, forests, and grazing commons that had survived for generations against those that had collapsed yielded eight design principles, from clearly defined boundaries and rules matched to local conditions, through collective-choice arrangements, monitoring, graduated sanctions, and conflict resolution, to recognized rights to organize and nested enterprises. A later systematic review by Cox, Arnold, and Villamayor-Tomas confirmed and refined these principles. The method uses them as a diagnostic checklist to assess and explain the robustness of commons institutions.	Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PGIS), and the related Public Participation GIS (PPGIS), are approaches in which communities themselves create and use spatial data and maps to represent local spatial knowledge for resource management, land and resource tenure, and planning. Spanning a continuum from sketch mapping with sticks and stones on the ground to georeferenced data held in formal GIS, the approach merges the empowering ethos of participatory development, articulated by Robert Chambers, with the analytical and communicative power of geographic information technology.