方法对比

	簇随机化的所罗门四组设计	所罗门四组设计
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1949 (Solomon design); cluster extension formalized in 1990s	1949
提出者	Richard L. Solomon (four-group logic, 1949); cluster randomization methods developed by Murray and colleagues in the 1990s	Richard L. Solomon
类型	Experimental design	True experimental design
开创性文献	Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150.	Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150.
别名	CR-S4GD, cluster-randomized four-group design, group-randomized Solomon design, Solomon four-group cluster trial	Solomon design, four-group design, Solomon four-group control design, S4GD
相关	6	5
摘要	The cluster randomized Solomon four-group design combines cluster randomization — assigning intact groups such as schools, clinics, or communities to conditions — with the Solomon four-group structure that isolates the effect of pretesting. Four clusters (or sets of clusters) are created: two receive the treatment and two serve as controls, with only one treatment cluster and one control cluster receiving a pretest, while the others go straight to the posttest. This structure simultaneously controls for pretest sensitization and the logistical constraint that individual randomization is infeasible.	The Solomon Four-Group Design extends the classic pretest-posttest control-group design by adding two groups that receive no pretest, enabling researchers to detect whether the pretest itself alters participants' responses to the treatment. Introduced by Richard L. Solomon in 1949, it remains the gold standard for isolating the independent effect of a pretest and for obtaining unbiased estimates of treatment efficacy.