方法对比

	公民参与量表	社区归属感量表
领域	政治社会学	政治社会学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1995–2008	1974–1999
提出者	Cliff Zukin, Scott Keeter, Russell Dalton	Seymour Sarason, David McMillan, David Chavis
类型	Self-report questionnaire / Behavioral frequency	Self-report questionnaire
开创性文献	Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenkins, K., & Delli Carpini, M. X. (2006). A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen. Oxford University Press.	Sarason, S. B. (1974). The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. Jossey-Bass.
别名	CES, Political Participation Scale	CBS, Community Integration Scale
相关	4	5
摘要	The Civic Engagement Scale measures the extent and type of an individual's participation in civic, political, and community life. Rather than a single construct, it typically encompasses multiple dimensions: electoral participation (voting), political activity (contacting officials, campaign involvement), civic service (volunteering, organizational membership), and social participation (community meetings, neighborhood involvement). Developed by scholars including Zukin, Keeter, and Dalton, it captures how citizens actualize their democratic role.	The Community Belonging Scale measures the subjective psychological sense of community—the feeling that one belongs, is accepted, and is valued within one's community. Distinct from objective measures of networks or participation, it captures the affective experience of community integration. Developed by Seymour Sarason and refined by McMillan and Chavis, it is grounded in community psychology and emphasizes that belonging is fundamental to mental health and social well-being.