方法对比

	Citizen Participation Assessment	SERVQUAL for Public Services
领域	Public Administration	Public Administration
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1969	1988
提出者	Sherry R. Arnstein	A. Parasuraman, Valarie A. Zeithaml & Leonard L. Berry
类型	Survey- and rubric-based participation assessment	Multi-item service-quality survey scale
开创性文献	Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224.	Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12–40.
别名	Public Participation Assessment, Ladder of Participation Analysis, Citizen Engagement Measurement, Participatory Governance Assessment	Public Service Quality Gap Model, Government SERVQUAL, Public-Sector Service Quality Assessment, Citizen Service Quality Survey
相关	4	4
摘要	Citizen participation assessment is a method for evaluating how, and how genuinely, members of the public are involved in government decisions that affect them. Its conceptual backbone is Sherry Arnstein's 1969 'ladder of citizen participation,' which arranged forms of involvement on eight rungs ranging from manipulation and therapy (non-participation) through informing, consultation and placation (tokenism) up to partnership, delegated power and citizen control (degrees of citizen power). The assessment combines this ladder with surveys of participants and documentary review to classify a participation process by its level of real power-sharing, judge who is included, and diagnose whether engagement is substantive or merely symbolic.	SERVQUAL is a multi-item survey instrument for measuring perceived service quality as the gap between what service users expect and what they perceive they received. Developed by A. Parasuraman, Valarie Zeithaml and Leonard Berry — conceptually in their 1985 gap model and operationally in the 1988 22-item scale — it assesses quality along five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. Applied to public services such as healthcare, licensing, social services and local government, SERVQUAL reframes citizens as service users whose expectations and perceptions can be measured, producing diagnostic gap scores that pinpoint where a public service is falling short of what the public expects.