方法对比

	Changing Criterion Design	Alternating Treatments Design
领域	Disability Studies	Disability Studies
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	2013	2013
提出者	Single-case methodology tradition; design standards by Kratochwill et al.	Single-case methodology tradition; design standards by Kratochwill et al.
类型	Within-subject experimental pipeline for shaping behavior toward a goal in graded steps	Within-subject experimental pipeline comparing two or more conditions by rapid alternation
开创性文献	Kratochwill, T. R., Hitchcock, J. H., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Odom, S. L., Rindskopf, D. M., & Shadish, W. R. (2013). Single-case intervention research design standards. Remedial and Special Education, 34(1), 26-38.	Kratochwill, T. R., Hitchcock, J. H., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Odom, S. L., Rindskopf, D. M., & Shadish, W. R. (2013). Single-case intervention research design standards. Remedial and Special Education, 34(1), 26-38.
别名	Changing-Criterion Single-Case Design, Stepwise Criterion Design, Shaping-Verification Design, CCD	Multielement Design, Multiple-Schedule Design, Concurrent-Schedule Comparison Design, ATD
相关	3	3
摘要	The changing criterion design (CCD) is a single-case experimental method in which a behavior is gradually shaped toward a terminal goal through a series of stepwise performance criteria. Instead of expecting a behavior to leap from baseline to its final target, the analyst sets an initial subgoal, reinforces performance that meets it, and then ratchets the criterion up (or down) once behavior stabilizes at each step. Experimental control is demonstrated when the behavior repeatedly and closely tracks each successive criterion change — changing only when, and to the degree that, the criterion changes — so that each new step functions as another demonstration of effect. The design is especially well suited to behaviors that should change incrementally, such as increasing exercise tolerance, reducing cigarettes smoked, or building a new skill in graded approximations. It belongs to the single-case design family codified by Kratochwill and colleagues in 2013, sharing their requirements for systematic manipulation and replicated demonstrations of effect.	The alternating treatments design (ATD), also called the multielement design, is a single-case experimental method that rapidly alternates two or more conditions or treatments within a single individual to compare their effects directly. Rather than running each treatment in a long block, the analyst switches between conditions in close succession — often session by session — in a counterbalanced or randomized order so that time, sequence, and setting do not favor one condition. The signature of an effect is a consistent vertical separation between the data paths of the conditions: when one treatment's outcomes reliably sit above another's across the alternation, the design attributes the difference to the treatment rather than to extraneous variables. Because comparison is built into the rapid alternation, the ATD can demonstrate differential effects quickly and without withdrawing an effective treatment to baseline. It fits squarely within the single-case design standards formalized by Kratochwill and colleagues in 2013, which treat systematic manipulation and replicated demonstrations as the basis for experimental control.