方法对比
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| 因果比较研究× | 纵向研究× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域 | 研究设计 | 研究设计 |
| 方法族 | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| 起源年份≠ | 1964 | Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century |
| 提出者≠ | Fred N. Kerlinger | No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett |
| 类型≠ | Non-experimental quantitative research design | Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design |
| 开创性文献≠ | Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. link ↗ | Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841 |
| 别名 | ex post facto research, causal-comparative design, retrospective causal study, CCR | longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study |
| 相关≠ | 3 | 4 |
| 摘要≠ | Causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design in which the researcher compares two or more groups that already differ on an independent variable — one that was not manipulated — to investigate possible causes or consequences of that difference. Because group membership is pre-existing rather than randomly assigned, the design can suggest causal relationships but cannot establish them with the certainty of a true experiment. It is widely used in education, psychology, and social sciences when experimental manipulation is impractical or unethical. | Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time. |
| ScholarGate数据集 ↗ |
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