方法对比

	Capability Approach Measurement	Human Development Index
领域	Development Studies	Development Studies
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1999	1990
提出者	Amartya Sen; Martha Nussbaum	Mahbub ul Haq & Amartya Sen; UNDP Human Development Report Office
类型	Normative framework for evaluating well-being and development	Composite human development index
开创性文献	Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN: 9780385720274	UNDP (2022). Human Development Report 2021-22, Technical Notes. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office, New York.
别名	Capability Approach, Sen's Capability Approach, Functionings and Capabilities Measurement, Human Capability Framework	HDI, UNDP Human Development Index, Human Development Indicator, Composite Human Development Measure
相关	4	4
摘要	The capability approach, developed by Amartya Sen and given a concrete list-based form by Martha Nussbaum, evaluates individual well-being and social arrangements in the space of capabilities — the real freedoms people have to achieve the kinds of lives they have reason to value — rather than in the space of income, resources, or subjective utility. Measurement under the approach means identifying valued functionings, the resources and conversion factors that turn resources into functionings, and the freedom people enjoy to choose among them.	The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite summary measure of average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Conceived by Mahbub ul Haq with Amartya Sen and first published in the UNDP Human Development Report of 1990, it was designed as a deliberate alternative to GNI per capita, asserting that people and their capabilities — not economic growth alone — are the ultimate criterion for assessing the development of a country. Each dimension is reduced to a normalized index between zero and one, and the three are combined by a geometric mean.