方法对比

	分层析因试验设计	所罗门四组设计
领域	实验设计	实验设计
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1935 (blocking, Fisher); 1963 (pretest-posttest + blocking synthesis, Campbell & Stanley)	1949
提出者	Donald T. Campbell & Julian C. Stanley (systematized); blocking technique from Ronald A. Fisher	Richard L. Solomon
类型	Experimental design	True experimental design
开创性文献	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.	Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150.
别名	blocked pre-post design, RBPP design, block-randomized pretest-posttest design, randomized block pre-post control group design	Solomon design, four-group design, Solomon four-group control design, S4GD
相关	6	5
摘要	The blocked pretest-posttest experimental design combines blocking — grouping participants into homogeneous strata before randomization — with pre- and post-intervention measurement. Blocking controls for known sources of variability (e.g., baseline ability, gender, site), while the pretest-posttest structure quantifies change scores directly. Together, they reduce error variance and increase statistical power compared to a simple pretest-posttest design, making this approach well suited to educational, clinical, and behavioral intervention studies.	The Solomon Four-Group Design extends the classic pretest-posttest control-group design by adding two groups that receive no pretest, enabling researchers to detect whether the pretest itself alters participants' responses to the treatment. Introduced by Richard L. Solomon in 1949, it remains the gold standard for isolating the independent effect of a pretest and for obtaining unbiased estimates of treatment efficacy.