方法对比

	“贝尔蒙特报告” (Belmont Report)	研究诚信原则	研究不端行为
领域	研究伦理	研究伦理	研究伦理
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1979	2007	2005
提出者	National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (US DHEW)	Multiple (National Academies, NIH/ORI, ESOMAR, individual discipline standards)	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) / National Science Foundation; International standards via COPE
类型	Framework	Framework	Standard
开创性文献	National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.	National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Fostering Integrity in Research. The National Academies Press.	U.S. Office of Research Integrity. (2005). Public Health Service Policy on Research Misconduct. 42 CFR Part 93. Federal Register.
别名	Belmont Principles, Three Ethical Principles	Responsible Conduct of Research, RCR, Research Ethics Standards	FFP, Research Fraud, Scientific Misconduct
相关	5	4	3
摘要	The Belmont Report (1979) is the foundational US ethical framework for human subjects research, established by the National Commission following the Tuskegee Syphilis Study scandal. It articulates three core principles—Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice—that form the basis for institutional review and regulatory oversight of human research globally. Every researcher conducting human studies must understand and apply these principles.	Research integrity encompasses the ethical and professional standards that guide responsible conduct in all aspects of research—from study design and data collection through analysis, reporting, and publication. The core principles—honesty, transparency, accountability, respect, and stewardship—ensure that research is trustworthy, reproducible, and contributes legitimate knowledge. These principles are universal across disciplines and are enforced through institutional policies, professional standards, and regulatory oversight. Violations of research integrity undermine scientific credibility and can harm subjects, institutions, and public trust.	Research misconduct comprises intentional or reckless fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, conducting, or reporting research. Formally defined by U.S. federal policy (42 CFR Part 93, Office of Research Integrity), misconduct is distinguished from honest error, negligence, and good-faith disagreements about research methods or interpretation. Misconduct undermines scientific integrity, harms subjects and institutions, wastes research resources, and erodes public trust in science. Allegations are investigated formally with due process; proven misconduct results in sanctions ranging from publication correction to career-ending bans.