方法对比

	Behavioral Observation Coding	Time Allocation Study
领域	Anthropology	Anthropology
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1974	1984
提出者	Behavioral sampling tradition (Altmann), adapted to anthropology (Bernard)	Ecological and economic anthropology (synthesized by Gross)
类型	Systematic procedure for sampling and coding observed behavior	Research design for characterizing how people allocate time across activities
开创性文献	Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49(3–4), 227–267.	Gross, D. R. (1984). Time allocation: a tool for the study of cultural behavior. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 519–558.
别名	Behavior Coding, Systematic Observation Coding, Behavioral Sampling and Coding, Observational Coding	Time Allocation Research, Time Use Study, Time Budget Study, Activity Allocation Study
相关	4	4
摘要	Behavioral observation coding is the systematic practice of recording who does what, when, by applying an explicit sampling rule and a predefined coding scheme to observed behaviour. Rather than jotting impressions, the observer commits in advance to a rule — focal-individual, scan, ad libitum, or continuous sampling — and to a list of mutually defined behaviour categories, so that records are reproducible and comparable. Because two trained observers should code the same scene the same way, the method also requires measuring inter-observer reliability before the data are trusted.	A time-allocation study is an anthropological research design that measures how people distribute their time across the activities of daily life — subsistence, domestic work, child care, leisure, ritual, and rest — in order to characterize a community's economy and way of life quantitatively. Data are gathered by directly observing what people do (through random spot checks or continuous focal observation) or by collecting recall diaries, and the activities are then expressed as shares of the total time budget. The result is an empirical portrait of how labor and leisure are organized and divided.